Fishery

The startup license does not affect your license count. It is used to allow Citrix products to communicate with the license server using a continuous open connection. Every five minutes the license server and the products send a heartbeat message to each other to verify that they are mutually communicating. Some Citrix products can operate in a disconnected mode (not connected to the server). These products allow a user to check out a license and operate the product for a pre-configured period of time that is set by the administrator. In this case, heartbeat messages are not exchanged. One example of disconnected mode is when a user checks out a Password Manager license for a laptop, and then uses the laptop when it is not connected to the server. A Citrix product installed on a server should not consume more than one startup license, and you should see one Start Up License used per server.

PING
Ping is a basic Internet program that allows a user to verify that a particular IP address exists and can accept requests.
Ping can be used for troubleshooting to test connectivity and determine response time.
Ping is used diagnostically to ensure that a host computer the user is trying to reach is actually operating.
Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.
Ping operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to the target host and waiting for an ICMP response. In the process it measures the time from transmission to reception (round-trip time) and records any packet loss. The results of the test are printed in the form of a statistical summary of the response packets received, including the minimum, maximum, and the mean round-trip times, and sometimes the standard deviation of the mean.

Ping may be run using various options (command line switches) depending on the implementation that enable special operational modes, such as to specify the packet size used as the probe, automatic repeated operation for sending a specified count of probes, time stamping options, or to perform a ping flood. Flood pinging may be abused as a simple form of denial-of-service attack, in which the attacker overwhelms the victim with ICMP echo request packets.
History:
The ping utility was authored by Mike Muuss in December 1983 as a tool to troubleshoot problems in an IP network. He named it after the sound that sonar makes, since its methodology is similar to sonar’s echo location. The usefulness of Ping in assisting the diagnosis, of Internet connectivity issues was impaired starting in 2003, when a number of Internet service providers began filtering out ICMP Type 8 (ICMP Echo Request) messages at their network boundaries. This was partly due to the increasing use of ping for target reconnaissance, for example by Internet worms** such as Welchia that flood the Internet with ping requests in order to locate new computers to infect. Not only did the availability of ping responses leak information to an attacker, it added to the overall load on networks, causing problems for routers across the Internet.
Syntax
ping       [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
[-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]
[-w timeout] destination-list
Options:
-t    Pings the specified host until stopped. To see statistics and continue - type Control-Break; To stop - press Ctrl + C.
-a    Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count    Number of echo requests to send.
-l size    Send buffer size.
-f    Set Don’t Fragment flag in packet.
-i TTL    Time To Live.
-v TOS    Type Of Service.
-r count      Record route for count hops.
-s count    Timestamp for count hops.
-j host-list    Loose source route along host-list.
-k host-list    Strict source route along host-list.
-w timeout    Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.
Note 1: To find out the dot address (such as 216.39.69.24) for a given domain name, Windows users can go to their command prompt screen (start/run/cmd) and enter ping xxxxx.yyy (where xxxxx is the second-level domain name like “mphasis” and yyy is the top-level domain name like “com”).
Note 2: By default, ping waits 4,000 milliseconds (4 seconds) for each response to be returned before displaying the “Request Timed Out” message. If the remote system being pinged is across a high-delay link, such as a satellite link, responses may take longer to be returned. You can use the -w (wait) option to specify a longer time-out.
** (A computer worm is a self-replicating malware computer program, which uses a computer network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. This is due to security shortcomings on the target computer. Unlike a computer virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.)

SNAPSHOT:
A snapshot preserves the state and data of a virtual machine at a specific point in time.
•    The state includes the virtual machine’s power state (for example, powered-on, powered-off, suspended).
•    The data includes all of the files that make up the virtual machine. This includes disks, memory, and other devices, such as virtual network interface cards.
A virtual machine provides several operations for creating and managing snapshots and snapshot chains. These operations let you create snapshots, revert to any snapshot in the chain, and remove snapshots. You can create extensive snapshot trees. Snapshots should be taken when testing something with unknown or potentially harmful effects. It is not meant to be a robust method of backup and recovery. If the files containing a virtual machine are lost, its snapshot files are also lost. Negatively impacts the performance of a virtual machine. This is based on how long it has been in place and how much the virtual machine and its guest operating system have changed since the time it was taken. It is not recommended to run production virtual machines off of snapshots on a permanent basis. Can take up as much disk space as the virtual machine itself. If multiple snapshots are possible, the amount of disk space used increases with the number of snapshots in place.
In Virtual Infrastructure3 & vSphere 4.x, the virtual machine snapshot delete operation combines the consolidation of the data and the deletion of the file. This caused issues when the snapshot files are removed from the Snapshot Manager, but the consolidation failed. This left the VM still running on snapshots, and the user may not notice until the datastore is full.
In vSphere 4.x, an alarm can be created to indicate if a VM was running in snapshot mode.
In vSphere 5.0, enhancements have been made to the snapshot removal. In vSphere 5.0, you are informed via the User Interface if the consolidation part of a RemoveSnapshot or RemoveAllSnapshots operation has failed. A new option, Consolidate, is available via the Snapshot menu to restart the consolidation.
Creating a Snapshot:     When creating a snapshot, there are several options you can specify:
•    Name:                                  This is used to identify the snapshot.
•    Description:                       This is used to describe the snapshot.
•    Memory:                             If the <memory> flag is 1 or true, a dump of the internal state of the virtual machine is included in the snapshot. Memory snapshots take longer to create.
•    Quiesce:                              If the <quiesce> flag is 1 or true, and the virtual machine is powered on when the snapshot is taken, VMware Tools is used to quiesce the file system in the virtual machine. Quiescing a file system is a process of bringing the          on-disk data of a physical or virtual computer into a state suitable for backups. This process might include such operations as flushing dirty buffers from the operating systems in-memory cache to disk, or other higher-level application-specific tasks.

Note: Quiescing indicates pausing or altering the state of running processes on a computer, particularly those that might modify information stored on disk during a backup, to guarantee a consistent and usable backup.
When a snapshot is created, it is comprised of below files:
1.    <vm>-<number>.vmdk and <vm>-<number>-delta.vmdk

A collection of .vmdk and -delta.vmdk files for each virtual disk is connected to the virtual machine at the time of the snapshot. These files can be referred to as child disks, redo logs, or delta links. These child disks can later be considered parent disks for future child disks. From the original parent disk, each child constitutes a redo log pointing back from the present state of the virtual disk, one step at a time, to the original.

Note: The <number> value may not be consistent across all child disks from the same snapshot. The file names are chosen based on filename availability.
2.    <vm>.vmsd

The .vmsd file is a database of the virtual machine’s snapshot information and the primary source of information for the snapshot manager. The file contains line entries which define the relationships between snapshots as well as the child disks for each snapshot.
3.    <vm>Snapshot<number>.vmsn

These files are the memory state at the time of the snapshot.
Operations:
Snapshot Operation    Effect
Take    The current state of the virtual machine and its guest operating system is captured.
Revert    The state of the virtual machine and its guest operating system reverts back to what it was when a snapshot was taken. If there are multiple snapshots, the snapshot taken immediately prior to the current state is used.

Warning: All current data is permanently lost.
Delete    The state of the virtual machine is changed to the current state (that is, changes made after taking the snapshot are saved to the base disk). In earlier versions of some products the menu option is named Remove.
Delete (Snapshot Manager)    The state of the virtual machine is changed to the current state (that is, changes made after taking the snapshot are saved to the base disk). The snapshot chosen to be deleted is available for selection in a graphical display that shows all existing snapshots. This is available only in products that support multiple snapshots.
Go To (Snapshot Manager)    The state of the virtual machine and its current guest operating system switches to the state of that of an arbitrarily chosen snapshot. The snapshot chosen to switch to is available for selection in a graphical display that shows all existing snapshots. This is available only in products that support multiple snapshots.

How do snapshots work?
This is a high-level overview of how to create, remove, or revert snapshot requests that are processed within the VMware environment:
1.    A request to create, remove, or revert a snapshot for a virtual machine is sent from the client to the server using the VMware API.
2.    The request is forwarded to the VMware ESX host that is currently hosting the virtual machine in question.

Note: This only occurs if the original request was sent to a different server, such as vCenter, which is managing the ESX host.
3.    If the snapshot includes the memory option, the ESX host writes the memory of the virtual machine to disk.

Note: The length of time the ESX host takes to write the memory onto the disk is relative to the amount of memory the virtual machine is configured to use.
4.    If the snapshot includes the quiesce option, the ESX host requests the guest operating system to quiesce the disks via VMware Tools.

Note: Depending on the guest operating system, the quiescing operation can be done by the sync driver, the vmsync module, or Microsoft’s Volume Shadow Copy (VSS) service.
5.    The ESX host makes the appropriate changes to the virtual machine’s snapshot database (.vmsd file) and the changes are reflected in the snapshot manager of the virtual machine.

Note: The operation to remove the snapshot entity in the snapshot manager completes before the changes are made to the child disks. The snapshot manager does not contain any snapshot entries while the virtual machine continues to run from the child disk.

6.    The ESX host calls a function similar to the Virtual Disk API functions to make changes to the child disks (-delta.vmdkand .vmdk files) and the disk chain.

Note: During a snapshot removal, if the child disks are large in size, the operation may take a long time. This can result in a timeout error message from either VirtualCenter or the VMware Infrastructure Client.
The child disk
The child disk, which is created with a snapshot, is a sparse disk. Sparse disks employ the copy-on-write (COW) mechanism, in which the virtual disk contains no data in places, until copied there by a write. This optimization saves storage space. The grain is the unit of measure in which the sparse disk uses the copy-on-write mechanism. Each grain is a block of sectors containing virtual disk data. The default size is 128 sectors or 64KB.
Child disks and disk usage
It is important to note these points regarding the space utilization of child disks:
•    If a virtual machine is running off of a snapshot, it is making changes to a child or sparse disk. The more write operations made to this disk, the larger it grows.
•    The space requirements of the child disk are in addition to the parent disk on which it depends. If a virtual machine has a 10 GB disk with a child disk, the space used will be 10 GB + the child disk size.
•    Child disks have been known to grow large enough to fill an entire datastore.
•    The speed at which child disks grow is directly dependent on the amount of I/O being done to the disk.
•    The size of the child disk has a direct impact on the length of time it takes to delete the snapshot associated to the child disk.
Note: You can take a snapshot while a virtual machine is powered on, powered off or suspended

Citrix XenApp commands provide an alternative method to using the console for maintaining and configuring servers and farms. Citrix XenApp commands must be run from a command prompt on a server running Citrix XenApp.

Command    Description
acrcfg        Configure auto-reconnect settings.
altaddr       Specify server alternate IP address.
app            Run application execution shell.
auditlog     Generate server logon/logoff reports.
change client  Change client device mapping.
chfarm        Change the server farm membership of the server, create an additional farm, and configure a replacement data store.
ctxkeytool    Generate farm key for IMA encryption.
ctxxmlss    Change the Citrix XML Service port number.
dscheck    Validate the integrity of the server farm data store.
dsmaint    Maintain the server farm’s data store.
enablelb    Enable load balancing for servers that fail health monitoring tests.
icaport    Configure TCP/IP port number used by the ICA protocol on the server.
imaport    Change IMA ports.
migratetosqlexpress    Migrate the server farm’s data store from a Microsoft Access database to a SQL Server Express database.
query    View information about server farms, processes, ICA sessions, and users.
twconfig    Configure ICA display settings.

Note : For running the above commands the user must login the Citrix XenApp server with the Citrix XenApp administrator credientials

Steps to be followed for HP ILO(Integrated Lights-Out) Password reset:
1.    Login to that particular server through RDP
2.    Goto C:\Program Files\HP\hponcfg
3.    Double click hponcfg_gui)
4.    As soon as you double click the hpconfg_gui … xml related files will get created.
5.    A new window will open “HP Lights-Out Online Configuration Utility”
6.    Goto to “User” tab and click “View/Modify” by selecting the “Administrator”
7.    Enter the new password under the “Password” and enter the same password under the “Confirm Password” and click Apply.

Note:    If you couldn’t find the folder hponcfg under the path: C:\Program Files\HP\  copy paste the hpconfg folder from another server.

Use the Access Management Console to carry out the following tasks:

• Manage applications and servers in multiple farms. For example, you can publish applications and configure farm and server properties.

•Manage client sessions and server processes.

• Create Citrix administrators and modify their privileges.

• Monitor server performance, and display performance data.

• Get context-sensitive information about alerts.

• Create reports.

• Configure application and content access, and Conferencing Manager guest attendee logons, using the Web Interface.

• Create trace logs to assist Citrix Technical Support with problem analysis.

• View Citrix hot fix information.

• Manage your Password Manager environment (Platinum Edition only)

• Administer your Access Gateway appliance (Platinum Edition only)

Many in the current world are using internet connection in their systems. Internet connection speed can be calculated by a speedometer. The speedometer will tell your internet connection speed by testing your connection in your system and the testing involves the time taken to receive the file from the internet browser. The speed of the internet is based on the Modem or the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). You can check the website for more details us.mcafee.com

America West advances to the modern era, and are always ready to embrace new technologies to improve customer service, reduce costs, and to stay ahead of the competition in the aviation field. The strong policy of distribution of this company have their new website that comes with the addition of new features and functionality. This website is specially designed for booking travel on-line sales of tickets in the house reservations, travel agents, etc. This site was first introduced from the West in America in 1996.

With the help of the site, America West can serve their customers directly or passengers. As the demand for online services has increased among customers, America West Airlines realized the need for increased functionality, in particular, the strengthening of prices in the search engines. For this reason, a more robust site is provided to meet the modern needs of their passengers.

A Nano Bed has been launched newly in foreign market. What we can do with nano bed? This new technology bed has more features. It will find our blood pressure, body temperature, and more. It will scan our whole body without any side effects. How to use it? It is using normal way like how you are using ordinary bed however a reports will be generated in system monitor.

As we all use pen drives for basic purpose like storing the information and for transforming the information, pen drives also have many advanced features like Built-in Camera, Biometric Security, Voice recorder, MP3 playback and many more. Nowadays the pen drives are more compatible which will support all types of the Operating systems and also the pen drives also have LCD displays, Rechargeable batteries, Camera and MP3 players.